![]() ![]() Serum levels of magnesium, zinc, calcium and vitamin D have been reported to be significantly lower in women with GDM compared to healthy pregnant women. Moreover, there are evidence suggesting that underlying factors like obesity enforce oxidative stress increased oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant capacity, in women with GDM, which contributes to the initiation and progression of GDM. Extra calories and increased weight during pregnancy induce inflammatory pathway among GDM women, which in turn would result in the development of insulin resistance and excessive fetal growth macrosomia. In Iran, the prevalence has been as high as 18.6%. The prevalence of GDM was reported to rates as high as 15–20% worldwide. Multiple risk factors, including gestational age, obesity, ethnic background, family history of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and a prior history of GDM have been implicated as the contributors to GDM. ![]() Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a state of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy.
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